At Bergsen Metals, we provide an inventory of stainless steel products, including 304/304L stainless steel, 316/316L stainless steel, and more. It is an austenitic, corrosion-resistant steel with excellent strength, toughness, fabrication characteristics and weldability. Chlorides are bad, fluorides worse. . This "sensitized" steel is subject to . 4.2.1 AIII.2.1 Oil Refinery / Austenitic Stainless Steel Equipment. The overpack . If it's relatively pure water, I would use a Grade 304 stainless, which contains (in wt% of alloying element): 18 - 20 Cr 8 - 10.5 Ni 0.08 C 2.0 Mn 0.75 Si . A review of performance limits of stainless steels. B . The effect of chloride concentration, pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature on the pitting behaviour of 316L SS in aqueous solutions has been investigated under dynamic and static conditions. . While 316 has a maximum carbon content of 0.08%, 316L has a maximum carbon content of only 0.03%. more less. In order to provide matching properties with parent metal, filler metal SMA 316L is commonly produced with slightly over alloyed composition. The changes mean that the limits at 149C (1.5psi ppH 2 S, 1000mg/l Chlorides and a pH 4 remain; in addition to this limit, the experimental data has been included to . It's the chromium in the 304 and 316 grades that differentiate stainless steel from carbon steel. There are a few distinct differences with the quantities of chromium (18 - 20% for 304, 16 - 18% for 316) and nickel (8 - 10.5% for 304, 10 - 14 . Allyl Chloride A Alum, Ammonium . . However there was not data available to support these guidelines. Figure 4 shows how carbon accelerates sensitisation. Aluminum Chloride, 20% D The combination of a duplex structure and high nitrogen content provide significantly higher strength levels than 316L stainless . This work investigated the corrosion behavior of base metal 316L and SMA 316L weld metal by using Electrochemical Impedance . @article{osti_1656674, title = {Neutron irradiation of alloy N and 316L stainless steel in contact with a molten chloride salt}, author = {Ezell, N. Dianne Bull and Raiman, Stephen S. and Kurley, J. Matt and McDuffee, Joel}, abstractNote = {Capsules containing NaCl-MgCl2 salt with 316L stainless steel or alloy N samples were irradiated in the Ohio State University Research Reactor for 21 . 316L has a slightly lower pressure rating at very high temperatures compared to 316. The message. Differences Between 316 and 316L . However, not all standard 316L stainless steel gauges are factory approved for use in a sour gas service application. 316L lasts longer in high-chloride environments. for four main stainless steel types namely: austenitic, super austenitic, duplex and super duplex. corrosion in chloride-containing media, sea water and chemical environments such as . stainless steel is considered to resist pitting and crevice corrosion in waters containing up to about 100 ppm chloride. Austenitic stainless steel 316L has been widely used in marine environment which containing sodium chloride solution (NaCl). Project Leader: E A Geary PhD . Oil and gas platforms regularly use stainless steel tubing in process instrumentation and sensing, as well as in chemical inhibition, hydraulic lines, impulse lines, and utility applications, over a wide range of temperatures, flows, and pressures. All test specimens were cut from a hot-rolled 316L stainless steel plate. STAINLESS STEEL Grade 316, 316L Critical pitting temperatures (CPT) for 304, 316 and 2.205 at varying concentrations of sodium chloride (potentio-static determination at + 300 mV SCE SCE). Ordinarily we would specify 316L stainless steel to limit the corrosion, but I was asked if we could instead specify carbon steel pipe with a corrosion allowance. Sin.(Engl. pH=6.0. 11 In 100,000 ppm Clat pH 4 pitting corrosion in . 304 SS 150 mg/l. The slow-strain-rate tensile test was used to study the chloride stress corrosion cracking (SSC) behavior of 316L stainless steel under the simulated condition of a CO 2 gas field in the Tarim Basin, and the effects of CO 2, Cl concentration, and temperature on the sensitivity of SCC were discussed. Despite this, the combination of tensile stress and a high-chloride environment can cause stainless steels to crack, in a process known as stress corrosion cracking. The results show that the increase of . This level of chloride is considered to be the limit for the 18-8 alloys, particularly if crevices are present. Type 316 is susceptible to precipitation of chromium carbides in grain boundaries when exposed to temperatures in the 800 F to 1500 F (427 C to 816 C) range. The key difference between 316 and 316L stainless steel is the carbon content. Abstract. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of 2205 was higher than that of 316L, and the passive films formed on 316L and 2205 stainless steel showed p-type and n-type semiconductor behavior . Cost is very similar, and both are durable, corrosion-resistant, and a good choice for high-stress situations. The level of chlorides required to produce cracking is relatively low. When 316L steel of low carbon content is only a little higher than 316 steel on strength level. It has tensile strength 30% more than stainless steel grades 304l and 316l. With its highly alloyed chemistry 25% nickel and 4.5% molybdenum, 904L provides good chloride stress corrosion cracking resistance, pitting and general corrosion resistance superior to 316L and 317L molybdenum enhanced stainless steels. AISI 316 stainless steel (UNS S31600) is the second most commonly used austenitic stainless steel. Authors: Cragnolino, G; Dunn, D S; Sridhar, N [1]. Higher levels of chloride might cause crevice corrosion and pitting. The addition of molybdenum can provide pitting resistance in phosphoric acid and acetic acid and dilute chloride solutions and corrosion resistance in sulfurous acid. These canisters are constructed of 304L stainless steel per drawing ORNL 970-294. 316L stainless steel (UNS S31603) is the low carbon version of AISI 316. Due to the potential risk for pitting and cracking of Stainless Steel equipment and the economic implications, a multidisciplinary team was identified and assembled by LCGP to manage . Stainless steel can be alloyed with elements of chromium, nickel and molybdenum to create a more stable oxide layer that is able to protect the metal beneath from chloride corrosion. First . The current guideline provided by the licensor limits the chloride levels to a maximum of 40 ppm. Previous . Otherwise if the stainless steel is cathodically secured, the waters are de-aerated or there is only the transient exposure to these chloride magnitudes then the needs as stated in the above table can be relaxed. In ASTM A240, type 316 and 316L is a chromium nickel austenitic steel, Element molybdenum addition can enhances corrosion resistance of stainless steel, which is the main factor that 316/316l is more corrosion resistant than 304/304l. The pump manufacture wants to use 316 SS for the wetted parts and claims verbally that this will not corrode (atleast not too much for the design life). I am looking for any links or research someone might know of that can guarantee 316 SS for use in this concentration of chlorides. 316 stainless steel has more carbon in it than 316L. . Grade S31603 is the molybdenum grade defined in the UNS system, which comes after the UNS S30400 in its importance within the austenitic stainless steels. Google or check books for a particular SS in . Failures have been reported in environments with as little as 10 ppm chlorides. This is a specific question about NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-3:2003 which concerns the use of corrosion resistant alloys in oil and gas production. At these temperature limits the steel become extremely soft for specific hot producing operations. not change with aging conditions. Figure 2 shows the cracking threshold for 304L and 316L stainless steel as a function of temperature and chloride content. . : USDOE OSTI Identifier: 215644 Resource Type: Journal Article Journal Name: Corrosion Additional Journal Information . Answer (1 of 2): The Old Metallurgical Engineer and Steelmaker says: Stainless steel is an excellent material for a water tank. Selection of stainless steels for handling chlorine (Cl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Introduction. Susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking. Alloy 904L is a superaustenitic stainless steel that is designed for moderate to high corrosion resistance in a wide range of process environments. Cost of "Special" 316L Composition - For most applications it is more practical to select a higher grade of stainless steel such as 2205 duplex stainless steel - Advantages of moving to a higher alloyed grade Possible Lower costs Higher strength Better corrosion resistance Shorter lead times May 18, 2010 3-A Educational . Corrosion of 316 stainless steel tubing has been observed in offshore applications around the world. Chloride stress corrosion cracking (CLSCC) is one the most common reasons why austenitic stainless steel pipework and vessels deteriorate in the chemical processing and petrochemical industries. For sour gas services, pressure gauges with 316L stainless steel alloy wetted parts. The normal operating temperature is 52C (126F), which is just below the ISO 15156 limit for austenitic stainless steel in the presence of chloride. The alloy types with asterisks (i.e., 304L and 316) are not included in ASTM A955 or AASHTO M334 and details on compositional requirements come from ASTM A666. Chlorine and chloride are different forms of the same element but with vastly different effects on stainless steel. These steel types are These changes were based on experimental data such as Ref 1. At Bergsen Metals, we provide an inventory of stainless steel products, including 304/304L stainless steel, 316/316L stainless steel, and. Lett. Short exposure times may be used for cleaning whereas longer times may cause etching, intergranular corrosion, pitting, or other bad stuff. AISI 316L stainless steel is a modified ultra-low carbon Cr-Ni-Mo series austenitic stainless steel based . 3) For austenitic stainless steel, ranges of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo) and nitrogen (N) are generally based on limits in ASTM A955. AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL DATE: 08/20/2018 AUTHORED BY: DR. BRENT EKSTRAND, VICE PRESIDENT, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY . Max temp for this water is around 100 F but typically around 70 F. B . )Vol.23 No.6 pp431-438 December 2010, p. 8, 2010. Compared to 316ss, 316L steel has better resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion over its useful life. 316 SS 400 mg/l. So we can also say they chloride ion concentration and the corrosion potential of the cooling water directly proportional to each other. Pitting- resistance equivalent numbers (PREN) are a theoretical way of comparing the pitting corrosion resistance of various types of Stainless steels with an 'L' associated with their numerical designation ( e.g., 304L and 316L) have been manufactured with carbon cocentrations less than about 0.03 wt%, which compares against the normal grades which typically have some 0.08 wt% of carbon. stainless steel 316l for the higher chloride values about 250ppm. Type 316Ti alloy on the other hand, due to its Mo-content, will handle waters with up to about 2000 ppm chloride. Temperature varies depending on concentration of . In normal circumstances, super duplex stainless steels should not suffer from chloride stress corrosion cracking in seawater. For this reason, it is A maximum temperature of 60 deg C is given - presumably to avoid stress corrosion . 316L Stainless Steel Chemical Compatibility Chart ver 10-Jan-2020 industrials Key to General Chemical Resistance [all data based on 72 (22 C) unless noted] Explanation of Footnotes 1 - Satisfactory to 120 F (48 C) A = Excellent - No Effect C = Fair - Moderate Effect, not recommended The 304 and 304L (18-8 stainless steel alloys) have been utilized very successfully in fresh waters containing low levels of chloride ion of up to 100 ppm. Both soft-seated high-performance butterfly valves and fully-lined butterfly valves are options. ES/MM/10/11. Type 316Ti alloy is Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, TX (United States). The high levels of these elements assure the alloy has superior chloride pitting and general corrosion resistance to the conventional 304/304L and 316/316L grades. Samples were cut to the size of 10 mm 10 mm 3 mm. Alloy 316 is somewhat more resistant to the initiation of chloride-induced pitting than is alloy 304, on . 316 Vs. 316L Stainless Steel: The Similarities. Deterioration by CLSCC can lead to failures that have the potential to release stored energy and/or hazardous substances. The corrosion behaviour of a type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel (SS) expansion joint in a simulated leaching solution of sediment on blast furnace gas pipeline in a power plant is investigated by using dynamic potential polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), optical microscope, atomic force microscope (AFM) and Scan Kelvin Probe (SKP). 304 Stainless Steel Chemical Compatibility Char t ver 1-Nov-2018 Key to General Chemical Resistance [all data based on 72 (22 C) unless noted ] . S31603 316L 0.03 max 2 max 0.045 max 0.03 max 0.75 max 16-18 10-14 0.1 max 2-3 . The molybdenum offers S31603 enhanced corrosion resistant properties than UNS Grade S30400, especially more resistance to crevice corrosion and also pitting in chloride atmosphere. Slightly magnetic in the cold-worked condition. Aluminum Acetate A Aluminum Chloride . SS316L is resistant to carbide precipitation in the temperature range . It was also saturated with water with a chloride content of 260 - 900 ppm. Concentration, temperature, dissolved oxygen and other solutes, pH, all matter. This is true even at elevated temperatures, approaching the sensible long-term operating limits for these grades of 250degC. Based on these observations, we do not expect corrosion of the bellows assembly to limit shelf life of the XMC3690 RLTC battery. Stainless steel develops maximum resistance to staining and pitting with the addition of molybdenum. Type 316 stainless steel performs without evidence of corrosion in the 100-hou, 5% salt spray (ASTM-B-117) test. Fully-lined ball valves are lined with a fluoropolymer resin, so there is no metal to chlorine contact. This NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 circular addresses, among other changes, the updated limits for 316L (UNS S31603). Intergranular Corrosion. However, this is . The soft-seated valves are useful in large pipes. . At lower temperatures, super duplex stainless steels would be resistant to SCC at increased . They can be used with wet or dry chlorine gas without concern for corrosion. The electrolyte in the XMC3690 reserve lithium/thionyl-chloride (RLTC) battery is stored in a 316L stainless steel welded-bellows assembly. Where chloride is < 50mg/l then there is no limit. 316 maximum temperature for scaling resistance is 899C (1650F) in continuous service and 816C (1500F) in intermittent service applications. . Table A.2 of that standard gives the environmental limits for the use of austenitic stainless steels. Hot summer ambient temperatures and fouling of the tube fins also exacerbated the already harsh environment. . Instead of removing the CsCl from the Type 4 canisters and repacking into an Inner Capsule, it is intended (for ALARA, schedule and cost purposes) that the Type 4 canisters be decontaminated (scrubbed) and placed [whole] inside a Type ``W`` overpack. Alum, Chrome B Alum, Potassium . Weldability: After being welded, 316 is more vulnerable to weld decay than 316l because of its higher carbon content. 8 Oct 10 11:39. When using chlorine as a steriliser or sanitiser in contact with 316 type stainless steel items, a maximum of 15-20 ppm, (mg/lt), 'free' chlorine is suggested, for maximum times of 24 hours, followed by a thorough chlorine free water . B . Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses; Publication Date: Fri Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 1996 Sponsoring Org. The key difference between 316 and 316L stainless steel is the carbon content. Alloy 317L (UNS S31703) is a lowcarbon corrosion resistant austenitic chromium-nickel-molybdenum stainless steel. . Prior to experiment, all specimens were subsequently abraded with decreasing grit size to The increased performance of this austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel makes it better suited for environments rich in salt air and chlorides. This alloy is not recommended for use in seawater (~19,000 ppm chloride). . Chloride is part of the salt in natural waters and even 304 can cope with a few hundred ppm at ambient temperatures and pH~7. Chloride induced pitting corrosion is a known issue with austenitic stainless steel alloys such as 304 and 316. This is easy to remember, as the L stands for "low." But even though it has less carbon, 316L is very similar to 316 in almost every way. Duplex stainless steels intrinsically possess excellent chloride stress corrosion cracking resistance and it can be significantly enhanced by decreasing the level . Butterfly valves. The alloy provides improved resistance relative to 316L in strongly . The chemical composition of stainless steel 316 is almost identical to that of the 304 grade. The chemical composition of the stainless steel is shown in Table 1. Duplex contains 18 to 28% chromium and 4 to 8% nickel, while 316 stainless steel 16% chromium and 8% nickel. Due to the addition of Molybdenum (Mo), SS 316 has a great improvement in corrosion resistance and certain properties compared to SS304. Grade 316 Stainless Steel is the second most commonly used stainless steel, behind 304 stainless steel. for the offshore industry. The level of chlorides required to produce cracking is relatively low. BACKGROUND: . Because MR0103 only covers SSC, it does not include environmental restrictions (i.e., temperature limits, chloride limits, pH, etc.) I am specifying pipes for a water system with 500 ppm chloride in solution. The machining grades of stainless steel consist of high levels of . Failures have been reported in environments with as little as 10 ppm chlorides. While 316 has a maximum carbon content of 0.08%, 316L has a maximum carbon content of only 0.03%. Abstract. Bergsen Metals is Here to Help. {osti_6130076, title . The low carbon version, 316L, may be required for full corrosion resistance when thicker sections are welded. + Show Author Affiliations. Corrosion or pickling inhibitors may be used. For austenitic stainless steel equipment the test water is limited to less than 250 weight ppm chloride ion with a pH between 6 . There are several factors that can easily generate chloride concentrations in excess of these guidelines, either in general or at localized spots. So instead of the typical schedule 40 pipe, could I realistically use schedule 80 or 120 etc? Chlorine is bleach and stainless steels can only tolerate exposure to a few ppm continuously. G. REFERENCES: [1] Z. LIU, "Effect of chloride ions on 316L stainless steel," Acta Metall. 7. A recent study on the limiting conditions for pitting corrosion on S31603 stainless steel showed that the limit was < 1000 ppm Clat 80C. To address the widely held concern that ISO15156/NACE MR0175 limits for sour service cracking resistance of Type 316/316L stainless steel in oil & gas production environments were excessively conservative, a program of laboratory studies was undertaken testing parent materials in compliance with the ballot requirements of this standard. To that end, the lower amounts of nickel contribute to duplex being the most cost-effective of the two. Additionally, the low carbon content makes the alloy. Figure 2 shows the cracking threshold for 304L and 316L stainless steel as a function of temperature and chloride content. high Cl content and stagnancy are the conditions most suitable for initiation and propagation of pitting in AISI 316L stainless steel. With the addition of molybdenum, grades 316 and 316L stainless steel were developed to offer improved corrosion resistance compared to alloy 304/L.
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chloride limits for 316l stainless steel